National University of Singapore Essay

The appearance of the yellow crystals obtained tallies with the reference physical appearance of Dibenzalacetone1. The appearance of the white powder obtained also tallies with the reference physical appearance of o-Chlorobenzoic acid2. The yields of the compounds are relatively low at 34.2% and 29.5%. This may be due to some possible sources of error and limitations which will be discussed in the next section. Limitations and Sources of Error Loss of compounds was an important factor that caused the yield of the purified compounds to be reduced. This may have occurred first during the extraction phase where extraction may not be complete. During the filtration and vacuum filtration processes, there was also a high level of difficulty in retrieving all the wanted products due to the products forming on the edges of the filter paper or sticking to the sides of the apparatus. Although the yield can be improved by increasing the number of extractions, the increase will not be significant enough (explained under exercise question 1) to overcome the loss of the compounds due to frequent transferring of the products. The usage of the separatory funnel to separate the 2 organic and aqueous layers limited the accuracy of the experiment due to potential contamination. There was difficulty in determining the exact boundaries between the organic and aqueous layers accurately even under precautions such as conducting the separation at slow speed and at eye level. Contamination of the purified products will cause the melting point determination to deviate from actual results and identifying the compounds incorrectly. The solubility test conducted to determine the recrystallization solvent might be another possible source of error. The amount of compound to be added into 2mL of the solvent was estimated rather than accurately weighed. This may have caused errors in determining the solubility of the compounds in the solvents and hence, led to incorrect use of the proper recrystallization technique for the compounds. Furthermore, cloudy mixtures obtained upon mixing the compound and the solvent might cause the solubility of the compounds to be inaccurately determined. Conclusion A mixture of 2 organic compounds was separated using recrystallization and purified. Melting Point Determination was the method used to identify the 2 organic compounds and cross-checking the experimental results obtained with a list of possible organic compounds showed that the Neutral Compound was Dibenzalacetone and the Acidic Compound was o-Chlorobenzoic acid. Verifying the identified compounds via their appearances with references further validated the experimental results. References 1. Royal Society of Chemistry, Chemspider, Search and Share Chemistry http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.86113.html, Retrieved 14 September 2013 2. Royal Society of Chemistry, Chemspider, Search and Share Chemistry http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.8071.html, Retrieved 14 September 2013 Exercise Questions Question 1 a) D = [X]o / [X]w When D = 8, [A]o = 8 [A]w Since mass can be expressed as a product of volume and concentration as shown in Equation 1 below, by letting Vo be the volume of organic layer, Vw the volume of aqueous layer with m being the total initial mass of A, Equation 2 can be obtained. ———- Equation 1 ———- Equation 2 Using Equation 2 and subbing in known values, we can obtain ———- Equation 3 Solving, we get [A]w = 1.11 X 10-2 g/mL b) Using Equation 2, For 1st Extraction, ———- Equation 4 Solving, we get [A]w = 2.00 X 10-2 g/mL For 2nd Extraction, ———- Equation 5 Solving, we get [A]w = 4.00 X 10-3 g/mL c) Repeating the above method as shown in (b) for multiple extractions, we can obtain For 4th Extraction using 20 mL of dichloromethane, [A]w = 1.23 x 10-3 g/mL For 8th Extraction using 10 mL of dichloromethane, [A]w = 3.91 X 10-4 g/mL d) Based on calculation above, while the total amount of dichloromethane used in (a), (b) and (c) remained constant at 80 mL, the values of [A]w obtained decreases with increasing number of extractions done with smaller amounts of dichloromethane used during each extraction. Multi-extraction allows more of the solute to dissolve in the solvent. This leads to a higher amount of solute extracted. e) To access if excessive extraction (8 times) is necessary, the yield difference of solute extracted between doing 4 and 8 times extraction must be considered. Mass of solute not extracted by 4-times Extraction = 1.23 X 10-3 X 80 = 0.0984 g Mass of solute not extracted by 8-times Extraction = 3.91 X 10-4 X 80 = 0.0313 g Percentage yield of solute using 4-times Extraction = = 98.8% Percentage yield of solute using 8-times Extraction = = 99.6% The percentage yield increases by 0.8% which is not very significant as calculated above. This does not justify the cost and time needed to carry out excessive extraction since the yield difference is small. Question 2 c) A better solvent for recrystallization of B will give a higher yield of B crystals. Based on the calculation in (a) and (b), water gives a higher yield of crystals (8.54 g at 25Â °C and 9.81 g at 0Â °C ) as compared to ethanol (7.38 g at 25Â °C and 8.21 g at 0Â °C). Hence, water is a better solvent for the recrystallization of B. d) The crystals should be washed with cold solvent (0Â °C). The solubility of compounds increases with increasing temperature. Washing the crystals with cold solvent ensures that the crystals do not dissolve back into the solvent. Washing the crystals with warm solvent will cause the yield of crystals to diminish.

Forensic Psychiatric Units In Uk Health And Social Care Essay

Having established the importance of coloring material in impacting how an interior infinite can do us experience, I am traveling to further research the consequence of coloring material, visible radiation and infinite within psychiatric health care scenes. The aspiration is to supply evidence-informed waies for design solutions to advance improved patient results and greater staff satisfaction. This will be of usage to healthcare decision makers, medical professionals, interior decorators and the general populace. There is no scientific grounds to historical beliefs of coloring material ‘s power to mend, but at that place has been a long-standing captivation with the association. The Assyrians, Babylonians, Egyptians and Persians used coloring material and light therapies as a agency of mending ( Birren 1961 ; Demarco and Clarke 2001 ) . Equally early as 500 BC, Pythagoras is purported to hold used coloring material, music and poesy to bring around disease ( Birren 1961 ) . The Egyptians used coloring material halls within the great temples of Karnack and Thebes, to research their curative impact ( Anderson 1987 ) . Florence Nightingale besides recognised the impact of coloring material and visible radiation on improved wellness results: To any but an old nurse, or an old patient, the grade would be rather impossible to which the nervousnesss of the ill suffer from seeing the same walls, the same ceiling, the same milieus during a long parturiency to one or two suites. The nervous frame truly suffers every bit much from this. The consequence in illness of beautiful objects, of assortment of objects, and particularly of luster of coloring material is barely at all appreciated. I have seen in febrilities, the most acute agony produced from the patient non being able to see out of a window, and the knots in the wood being the lone position. I shall ne'er bury the ecstasy of febrility patients over a clump of bright colored flowers. Peoples say the consequence is merely on the head. It is no such thing. The consequence is on the organic structure excessively. Small as we know about the manner in which we are effected by signifier, by coloring material, and light, we do cognize this, that they have an existent physical co nsequence. Assortment of signifier and luster of coloring material in the objects presented to patients are existent agencies of recovery ( Nightingale 1859 ) . To day of the month, while there have been many surveies on the impact of environment on wellbeing ( Rubin, Owens et Al. 1998 ) , no surveies have focussed on the consequence of coloring material, visible radiation and infinite in isolation in a psychiatric infirmary scene ( Dijkstra, Pieterse et Al. 2006 ) .Mental IllnessBefore the debut of refuges, those enduring from mental unwellness were treated with a ferocious deficiency of feeling, frequently chained at place, or fastened to a interest in a public workhouse or poorhouse. They were often the topic of ridicule, spectacle or public athletics. Early refuges were likened to prisons, with no idea of improved public assistance or therapy. In the early 1800s the term psychopathology was born, together with the construct of psychic medical specialty as scientific discipline. While an mixture of therapies were developed, these were chiefly physical ( Shorter 1997 ) . The refuge seemed a ‘mirror of devastation ‘ . The interi or wards and corridors were â€Å" confined to a fluctuation on two colorss – dark cocoa and buttery viridity. † Walking through the wards, one would see the schizophrenics â€Å" who spend their full twenty-four hours in false statuesque positions aˆÂ ¦.. or swaying rhythmically and indefatigably backwards and forward † ( Rollin 1990 ) .Forensic Mental Health ServicessThe closing of the refuges in the 2nd half of the twentieth Century ( Barham 1992 ; Jones 1993 ) resulted in a switch in accent to community attention of the mentally sick, making spreads in proviso. The demand was for non-acute, medium-secure installations. This gave rise to forensic psychopathology in the 1970 ‘s. Unit of measurements contain earnestly mental ailment patients enduring from schizophrenic disorder, terrible personality upsets, larning disablements, autistic spectrum upsets or other unwellnesss ( Turner and Salter 2008 ) . The forensic mental wellness service provides clinical intervention and rehabilitation for wrongdoers and those at hazard of piquing with mental wellness jobs. Their function is to cut down emphasis to sick persons and its behavioral effects, and minimization of hazard to harm to others through proviso of high and average secure installations ( Department of Health 2007 ) .The Cost and Scope of Mental Health ServicessSurveies have shown every bit many as nine out of every 10 captives has some signifier of mental unwellness ( Singleton, Meltzer et Al. 1998 ) . Fig. 1 indicates a progressive one-year addition of forensic psychiatric patients, lifting from 2,650 in 1996 to about 4,000 in July 2007 ; an addition of 45 % between the period 1996 to 2006. Fig. 2. , shows five old ages and less is normally the length of detainment, but more than a one-fourth stay for over 10 old ages ( Rutherford and Duggan 2007 ) . ll high and average secure beds are funded and provided by the NHS. There are about 800 high and 3,500 medium secure beds geographically dispersed ( Rutherford and Duggan 2007 ) . As seen in figures 3 and 4, there is a wide age scope of patients, the bulk falling between 26 and 64 old ages of age, with a scope of cultural backgrounds. The estimated overall cost of mental unwellness to the UK is more than ?110 billion a twelvemonth ( Friedli and Parsonage 2007 ) . The authorities has challenged the NHS with happening ?15 – 20 billion of efficiencies in the 3 old ages from 2011 ( Policy Unit of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, Mental Health Network et Al. 2009 ) . The economic downswing with its societal jobs is likely to worsen the strain on mental wellness resources ( Policy Unit of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, Mental Health Network et Al. 2009 ) . Figure 5 shows that the largest spend of mental wellness investing is on clinical services, including acute patient attention, the 2nd largest spend was on secure and high dependence proviso. I had hoped to be able to determine the mean cost per patient for drugs per twelvemonth, but have been unable to obtain this degree of item.Behavioural Issues and Relationships within Forensic Psychiatric HospitalsThroughout history there has been a stigma attached to mental unwellness ( Smith and Giggs 1988 ) , an disposition to handle sick persons as different or unsafe ( Philo 1989 ) . Focault describes mental infirmaries as infinites of medical power where patients are subordinated to medical staff and controlled by wider society, through attitude and because their hospitalization is non ever voluntary. The panoptic nature of psychiatric units creates a power relation between staff and patients ( Foucault 1991 ) which can take to resentment, choler, and defeat, high-lighting the importance o f patient staff relationships. Aggressive and riotous behaviors are the main issues for staff and patients in psychiatric infirmaries ( James, Fineberg et Al. 1990 ; Foster, Bowers et Al. 2007 ) . Patients frequently find it hard to exert power in the procedure of their intervention, feel disrespected and socially constrained ( Daffern, Mayer et Al. 2003 ) . The bulk are immature grownup males ( 88 % male, 12 % female ) , with a ratio of one-in-eight female service suppliers ( Rutherford and Duggan 2007 ) . The power relationship between immature grownup males and female staff is likely to be more complex than male to male, because of the patient ‘s feelings of powerlessness. Meehan ‘s survey high spots five major causal subjects for aggressive behavior ; the environment, empty yearss, staff interactions, medicine issues and patient centred factors ( Meehan, McIntosh et Al. 2006 ) . Medicine was considered by patients a agencies of behavioral control or penalty, instead than a path to wellness, and frequently the cause of unpredictable behavior and aggressive effusions ( Meehan, McIntosh et Al. 2006 ) . It is hard to make a curative environment when ill will is on a regular basis at the bow. The staff are frequent marks of force, doing emphasis and strained relationships ( Daffern, Mayer et Al. 2003 ) . Stress, is a major obstruction to healing and impacts occupation satisfaction and staff turnover ( Paroles 1982 ; Ulrich 1990 ) . Topographic point is tied to the look and formation of an person ‘s sense of individuality and their place in society ( Geores and Gesler 1999 ) . Shared infinite in a psychiatric infirmary can act upon the relationship between staff and patients. Halford and Leonard suggest that, â€Å" Not merely do people do infinites, but infinites possibly used to do people † ( Halford and Leonard 2003 ) . Topographic point evolves from infinite, when personal significance is attached to the infinite ( Buttimer and Seamon 1980 ) . Laischenko believes topographic points organise societal infinite and, hence, societal dealingss and power ( Liaschenko 1994 ) . Forensic psychiatric installations are a premier illustration of such infinites. It is, hence, imperative to see how the infirmary environment respects single personality, penchants, civilization and faith and its impact on emotional and perceptual response to color ( as discussed in my old paper ) . Such elements may besides be to boot modified for the patient ‘s by their unwellness, or forced detainment ( Curtis, Gesler et Al. 2007 ) .The Role of Colour and Light in Forensic Psychiatric Hospital DesignTraditionally the accent for health care design was strictly functional ( Ulrich 2001 ) . There has been a more recent displacement in design accent with sentiment traveling toward health care installations which are psychologically supportive ( Rugs 1989 ) . There is some grounds that environmental stimulations within infirmaries can impact patient results ( Rubin, Owens et Al. 1998 ; Ulrich 2001 ; Dijkstra, Pieterse et Al. 2006 ; Dijkstra, Pieterse et Al. 2008 ) . In interviews, 45 % of patients with mental wellness issues said ward conditions had a negative consequence on their wellness ( Baker 2000 ) . The restraints and deficiency of pick unfastened to patients of psychiatric wards, and to some extent the staff, means they are even more vulnerable to the quality and effects of their architectural environment ( Oberascher 2010 ) . Wall coloring material and lighting, as an environmental stimulation, is a inexpensive and efficient manner to modify the ambiance of a infinite. Whilst applied research to back up the effects of environmental coloring material within health care installations is limited, there is much to back up the effects of coloring material on emotions and some physiological responses. As antecedently discussed, forensic psychiatric units are fraught with emotional issues, peculiarly aggression and force. The undermentioned subdivision will research the usage of appropriate coloring materials and visible radiation to modify patient behavior and better wellbeing for both patients and staff. With planned authorities support cuts within mental health care, any agencies of cut downing costs, yet bettering results, would be good. This could take the signifier of decreased necessity for medicine, reduced hooliganism and aggression on the wards, and greater staff satisfaction, therefore cut downing turnover and ill leave. Patients can be prone to hallucinations, which can be motivated by under or over stimulation ; hence, an appropriate balance of stimulation is critical in planing psychiatric installations. When the encephalon lacks stimulation from a humdrum environment, other stimulation is sought, either through aggressive behavior, or by withdrawing into a fantasy universe. Conversely, when over stimulated by excessively much information or deficiency of lucidity, centripetal pandemonium ensues, which the patient can non treat or test. Schizophrenia can make troubles in telling, processing and filtrating centripetal informations. Highly saturated colorss can advance synaesthesia to such an extent that sick persons can savor, experience or hear the coloring material. Hallucinations can besides be trigger by spacial semblances, contemplations, excessively patterned or glistening surfaces, lines or cheques. Therefore it is of import to avoid â€Å" ocular noise † , with clear and unsophistica ted signals sing the patient ‘s environment ( Meerwin and Rodeck 2007 ) . Colour and visible radiation can back up stress decrease by implementing supportive design through usage of visible radiation and coloring material within infinite. The chief triggers for emphasis are loss of freedom or control, often ensuing in violent effusions. This can dwell of loss of freedom of motion and activity and loss of environmental control, in the signifier of degree of stimulation or positive distractions ( Oberascher 2010 ) . Colour is already used within infirmaries to help in manner determination and designation, but can besides lend to designation of topographic point and usage, supplying clear, specific and symbolic points of mention. Clear limit of functional countries through usage of coloring material would cut down confusion and give patients a greater sense of control. For case, a alteration in coloring material of shocking can specify a infinite and its intent, such as unagitated countries for relaxation, versus countries for activity. A combination of warm and cold colors should be used, together with complimentary coloring material niceties. This would convey a degree of rousing from the warm pallet, with chairing composure from the cold pallet ( Meerwin and Rodeck 2007 ) . The facilitation of personal lighting in patients ‘ suites would enable an component of control of their environment. Progresss in LED engineering have resulted in low-cost coloring material altering visible radiation s, which can bathe a room in a coloring material to fit 1s temper, admiting personal pick and penchant. The coloring material of a room can promote or blockade activities. For illustration, a white room may look unfertile and unwelcoming, hence discourage relaxation and societal interaction, while an excessively colored room every bit anti-social because of its overpowering nature. White should be avoided in expansive countries as it creates a sense of intangibleness, lacks comfort and heat, looking space and empty ( Meerwin and Rodeck 2007 ) . It is of import to make infinites which have a sense of dowdiness within psychiatric installations, to advance feelings of security and stableness ( Curtis, Gesler et Al. 2007 ) . The quality of illuming within a infinite can impact its users in many ways. The term â€Å" ocular elation † in a infinite has been associated with positive degrees of satisfaction for residents ( Jay, Loe et Al. 1997 ) . A survey by Veitch, Newsham et Al showed those who felt their office lighting was of high quality, viewed the infinite as more attractive, showed greater wellbeing at the terminal of the twenty-four hours and reported more pleasant temper ( Veitch, Newsham et Al. 2008 ) . Satisfaction with illuming contributes to greater environmental satisfaction, taking to improved productiveness, greater occupation satisfaction, which in bend leads to higher degrees of committedness and decreased staff turnover ( Veitch, Newsham et Al. 2008 ) . Cost nest eggs can be found in utilizing tenancy detectors for less used suites and daylight harvest home to maximize free visible radiation beginnings. Entree to natural daytime is besides of import in associating patients and staff to the outside universe and bettering wellbeing ( Ulrich 2001 ; Oberascher 2010 ) , so directing daytime or supplementing with natural daytime bulbs would be supportive. To make greater ocular involvement, a combination of direct and indirect lighting should be used. A deficiency of difference in aglow denseness can make a dull, humdrum ambiance, with textureless surfaces and a shadowless brightness. Direct illuming would ease efficient undertaking public presentation, while indirect illuming would make a more relaxed atmosphere. Daylight is besides of import in keeping the organic structure ‘s natural circadian beat when in infirmary for drawn-out periods, which is the instance for most psychiatric patients. The alteration in light way and strength gives assortment and involvement within the comparatively inactive environment of a infirmary ward ( Okidaira, Kripke et Al. 1983 ) . In the Mental Unit at St Mary ‘s Hospital, London, roof visible radiations are used to make a sense of freedom, despite the degree of security ( Gesler, Bell et Al. 2004 ) . Jameso, Love et Al, compared the degrees of rousing among patients held in a confined, ill lit, secure psychiatric unit, compared with those in a bright, broad unit. The latter unit, was positively associated with far less degrees of rousing ( Olver, Love et Al. 2009 ) . Coloring material can besides be used to command reflected visible radiation, cut down blaze and do the most of natural daytime. As discussed earlier, brooding glistening surfaces can trip hallucination in psychiatric patients. Similarly window interventions can function to filtrate daytime through different types of blinds or semitransparent cloths. The coloring material and materiality of blinds and cloths used can hold a pronounced consequence through reflected visible radiation and coloring material ; demonstrated by figure? . For case, wooden blinds can return a heater visible radiation into the room. As figure shows, a strongly coloured bedcover or duvet screen can do a important difference through reflected coloring material. Coloring material introduced through cloths and trappingss can besides make a more ‘homely ‘ feel, breeding a greater sense of comfort and security. Consideration should be given to twenty-four hours and dark illuming strategies in relation to color design, as color render can radically alter under different light beginnings. Surveies on the impact of coloring material within office infinite on the public presentation and temper of its resident ‘s high spots human individualism. Individual ability to test out irrelevant stimulation varies harmonizing to 1s province of temper, whether depressed or happy ( Kwallek, Woodson et Al. 1997 ) . In add-on to utmost instances of schizophrenic disorder and hallucinations, patients in psychiatric infirmaries are more likely to be dying or unsure and accordingly less able to test information ( Dijkstra, Pieterse et Al. 2008 ) . Therefore, the consequence of coloring material should be considered in its context. For case, whilst there is grounds to propose that bluish green colorss can make a calming consequence, they can hold a negative effect on temper for patients with depression and less energy ( Gutheil and Daly 1980 ) . This may be utile for privacy suites where the desire is to quiet the patient and dissipate aggression and inordinate energy ( Gutheil and Daly 1980 ) , but non where the purpose is to elate temper. The mix of patients in regard of faith, civilization, sex and age should besides be considered when choosing coloring material, as there is grounds that these elements can besides impact color perceptual experience. Additionally, cubic decimeter can happen no empirical research to determine whether mental unwellness adds yet another distinguishing consideration to responses to color. For case, some mental patients have stated that they have an intolerance of orange and ruddy tones ( Baker 2000 ) . Their intolerance may be independent of their mental unwellness, but this is non clear. With its comprehensive coloring material pallet, nature can further stress recovery through its ability to arouse positive feelings. Research has shown that scenes having nature, in contrast to construct or urban positions, promote faster physiological recovery ( Ulrich 1990 ; Ulrich 2001 ) . Prisoners reported higher degrees of health when cells had Windowss with positions ( Moore 1982 ; West 1985 ) . While it may non ever be possible to supply Windowss with positions within forensic psychiatric infirmaries, the coloring material and signifier of nature can be introduced via art and wall paintings. This would supply ocular stimulation and assortment to both staff and patients in a restricted and confined environment. Backlit screens could be used to expose altering scenes to cut down humdrum. Detention cells, which for grounds of security are frequently windowless, could utilize natural scenes to bring on a sense of composure. A study of staff, visitants and patients at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, claimed 75 % reported the art aggregation reduced their emphasis degrees, improved their temper and took their head off their immediate jobs ( Gesler, Bell et Al. 2004 ) . Ownership of infinite can besides cut down negative behavior or feelings. A corridor could be perceived as an undesignated infinite within a psychiatric infirmary. Transitional infinites, those between assigned infinites, are where most aggression or negative activity occurs ( Boerger and Shepley 1990 ) . In distinguishing the coloring material coating, or possibly presenting wall art, the infinite becomes public and ownership is taken. Connection could be farther introduced by affecting the patients in painting or planing a mural. Patients could personalize the doors to their sleeping rooms. Staff could be involved in the pick of color strategy to their break-out or staff countries to bring forth a sense of ownership and exclusion or reprieve from patients. Plants could be used to convey coloring material to a infinite and besides surrogate ownership by affecting the patients in their attention. Engagement of staff and patients in pick within their environment physiques consensus. F or patients, personal self-respect is really of import in promoting a positive attitude towards staff, intervention and the day-to-day restraints of their lives ( Department of Health 2007 ) . Negative self-image is closely associated with mental unwellness. The degree of ornament within their infinite reflects a positive respectful attitude towards mental unwellness. Christenfeld et Al found that patients ‘ negative self-image improved in a remodelled ward ( Christenfeld, Wagner et Al. 1989 ) .DecisionMental unwellness in the UK is increasing yearly, bing the authorities one million millions of lbs each twelvemonth. The Government is demanding NHS efficiencies to suit support decreases over the following 3 old ages. I believe there is a existent chance to act upon wellbeing for both patients and staff through the use of coloring material and visible radiation within forensic psychiatric installations. This would be a low cost intercession which could hold a figure of benefits if implemented in an informed mode. It could help in bettering behavior and decrease in the usage of medicine, with attendant cost nest eggs. It could besides help in bettering staff morale and keeping through improved patient wellbeing affecting less intercession. While there is no scientific grounds to back up historical beliefs of the ability of coloring material to mend, there is strong indicant of its ability to consequence temper and some physiological responses. Chemical reaction to color is driven by cognitive and direct physiological response. For this ground, idea should be given to the single features of patients when implementing a coloring material and illuming design strategy, such as age, sex, civilization, etc. Within psychiatric installations there are extra factors to see, such as ability to filtrate ocular ‘noise ‘ , which in many instances is more utmost than in persons without mental unwellness. I believe this is an country which would profit from farther research to supply more elaborate counsel. Colour and illuming design has the ability to carry through a figure of standards in its spacial and atmospheric atmosphere. For illustration, usage of coloring material on walls, bedding and trappingss can make a sense of place, conveying heat, security, trust and stableness, which is critical in supplying a curative environment for psychiatric patients ; frequently missing in their lives outside of infirmary. Clear limits and use of infinite can be created to understate confusion and emphasis through stimulation and distinction of spacial qualities. Used in context, coloring material can promote appropriate temper, behavior and responses. Colour and light can be used to heighten degrees of attending and concentration by direction of warm and cold colors. Contact and interaction with the environment and the outside universe can be enhanced by the use and use of natural daytime. Daylight and unreal visible radiation can be controlled to pull off or heighten degrees of reflected visible radiation to better coloring material render or grades of contemplation from surfaces. Consensus between staff and patients can be achieved through engagement with picks in their milieus ; furthering positive relationships. The staff could be given autonomy to make a relaxed infinite off from patients. The patients could hold the chance to command personal lighting and coloring material. Choice of graphics, wall paintings, personalisation of sleeping room doors, could all function to construct ownership, taking to higher degrees of satisfaction. Authorization can cut down emphasis in patients who feel constrained by their state of affairs and status, better patient self-respect and self-image. Nature ‘s coloring material pallet and iconography can be used to arouse positive feelings. This can be done in a figure of originative ways, through art, digital imagination, wall paintings and colorss used on walls, stuffs and trappingss.Constraints and RecommendationsFor security grounds I have been unable to derive entree to a forensic psychiatric unit, so hold relied on secondary research. Whilst there is an increasing involvement in curative environments within health care installations, there is small research concentrating specifically on the impact of coloring material and visible radiation. I have been unable to happen empirical research on the effects of coloring material and visible radiation within psychiatric installations and experience that much could be gained for both staff and patients from such probe.

ETB Paper and Activity 3 and 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ETB Paper and Activity 3 and 4 - Essay Example 2. The profile result is a good illustration of my work-related interests. The top 3 interests show what exactly what I look for in a job. I’m habitual of focusing on doing things nicely and completely, rather than messing it up for the sake of creating something new or extraordinary. The investigative interest is also what fanaticizes me, and I would love to adopt a profession, which requires investigative and analytical tasks. Enterprising is another interest, close to my personality. It is because of my interest in drawing innovative ideas and strategies for businesses or projects and the potential of leading a group of people to a desired goal. 3. The occupational matches of my interest are of sales and marketing. I find these occupations interesting as they offer room to potential ideas and investigating public behaviour. The occupation of marketing covers all the basic interests I look for in a work or occupation. That includes a conventional working environment, where w inning the trust of customers is the key element. Moreover in the marketing field, innovation and enterprising are always valued and serve as essentials of one’s recognition and success in this occupation (Ehret and Galanakis). Activity 4: e-Learning Business Skills Demos (Being an Effective Team Member) 1. The course being selected for this activity is â€Å"Being an Effective Team Member†. This course draws a nice outline of elements required in forming a stronger and productive team. The learning environment serves as a powerful tool in understanding the benefits of working in a team and prioritizing team’s interest over self interests. Another positive feature that this course offers to its participants is the knowledge of different behaviours that commonly exists in any team and how to deal with those effectively (skill Soft). One negative feature of this learning environment is that, it does not cover the hidden problems of mistrust, free loaders and polit ical activities among team members. These are areas that affect the productivity and willingness of a person to work in a team, or to put additional efforts (skill Soft). 2. Some of the major learning outcomes of this course include motivation and zest of an every team player, to work as a unit. The course focuses on the concept that, for a team to be productive, each of its members should be motivated and feel good about the team he or she is associated with (Dettmann). To achieve this outcome, this online medium of learning can prove beneficial as it uses practical and real life scenarios, to build a sound understanding about the topic. Examples and activities for team building and working proactively, can be taught nicely in this method of learning, by providing a cluster of theories and examples (skill Soft). 3. Online learning is not a recent method of studying, but was introduced many years back. Tough we can see that the awareness about e-learning has grown substantially over the years, but still its usage is limited to a group of people. This is because its benefits and adaptability varies with the type of people and their professions (Tellefsen). A particularly essential element in e-learning is computer literacy and accessibility, and those who do not have knowledge or access to computer, cannot adopt this medium for learning. However, there are several types of people, which have switched from the conventional method of studying to

ISMG 3000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ISMG 3000 - Essay Example This paper will therefore analyze the impacts of information technology in the governance of firm in relation to the case study â€Å"is there a smarter approach to IT governance?† The Accenture IT model is an essential model since enables researchers and businesses to identify or establish their business environment in relation to IT governance. According to the case study the Accenture model measures the effectiveness of existing and new IT policies within an organization. The model therefore enables businesses to measure their level of decision making in relation to their access to information technology. In addition, the model relies on a business’ competitive advantage and the value of IT. The model uses different parameters to classify different companies in to four categories. According to the given quadrants, Aclan can be considered as a responsive solution providing company. This is because the company can only realize competitive advantage over its competitors through efficiency in its production. Aclan produces metal-based products and therefore it is faced with the challenge of high cost of inputs and raw materials (A-G Magazine, Web). Effec tive IT governance models for the company will therefore, work by enhancing efficiency in production and operation. After identifying the category within which a firm or business fall within the governance model, the next step is to establish the decision category of IT governance. The Weill and Ross model of IT governance is based on accountability and desirable behavior for IT users. Organizing model and investment are the main governance style at Aclan. These governance styles have a close connection with Weill and Ross model of IT governance. Aclan Company uses a decentralized system of governance that has a high degree of rigidity. The main reason for having such a governance structure is to facilitate the production and marketing of the company’s products while maintaining as high degree

N Investigtion into Why E-Businesses Fil Dissertation

N Investigtion into Why E-Businesses Fil - Dissertation Example Since the dÐ °wn of the internet, Ð ° lot of businesses Ð °nd individuÐ °ls set Ð °bout estÐ °blishing online businesses in Ð ° bid to Ð °mÐ °ss mÐ °ssive profits. However, Ð °ccording to CrÐ °ine (2001) since the yeÐ °r 2000 Ð °pproximÐ °tely 200 online businesses went out of the business Ð °ccounting for more thÐ °n 50% of business closures. This high fÐ °ilure rÐ °te is of concern to the business Ð °nd finÐ °nciÐ °l community; Ð °s such closures will Ð °lso Ð °ffect stock mÐ °rkets Ð °nd shÐ °res. Some of the online businesses would hÐ °ve obtÐ °ined finÐ °nce to fund their ventures, Ð °nd business fÐ °ilures Ð °re bound to hÐ °ve negÐ °tive ripple effects. This is demonstrÐ °ted by CrÐ °ine (2001) who stÐ °tes thÐ °t forty stÐ °rt-up fÐ °ilures cost Ð °pproximÐ °tely $1.5 billion which represents losses of between 39% Ð °nd 60% on globÐ °l stock mÐ °rkets. Some of these businesses fÐ °ilures hÐ °ve been Ð °ttributed to inexperienc ed mÐ °nÐ °gers, poor business plÐ °ns Ð °nd low sÐ °les volumes (CrÐ °ine 2001), however the sÐ °me could be sÐ °id for other businesses thÐ °t do not hÐ °ve Ð °n online presence. These reÐ °sons for fÐ °ilures Ð °re therefore not unique to online businesses which suggest the presence of other fÐ °ctors. For instÐ °nce, e-commerce is Ð ° populÐ °r shopping method Ð °nd this is demonstrÐ °ted by the number of successful online businesses, Ð °nd the reported increÐ °ses in online shopping by the mediÐ °. Ð ccording to Ð bu BhÐ °kÐ °r (2001) the demÐ °nd for online businesses hÐ °s not reduced Ð °nd this is probÐ °bly due to the increÐ °sed Ð °vÐ °ilÐ °bility of the internet.... Chpter III: METHODOLOGY 3.1. Reserch design...29 3.2. Reserch Strtegy....29 3.3. Smpling..30 3.4. Dt Collection nd nlysis..31 Chpter IV: FINDINGS ND DISCUSSION 4.1. Findings...33 4.1.1. Cse Study One - Toys R Us...........33 4.1.2. Cse Study Two - mzon..35 4.1.3. Cse Study Three - Klhri.Net.....35 4.1.4. Boo.com...37 4.2. Discussion...38 Chpter V: CONCLUSIONS 5.1. Conclusions.46 5.2. Recommendtions..47 5.3. Limittions of Reserch..47 Bibliogrphy..48 Chpter I: INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction Since the dwn of the internet, lot of businesses nd individuls set bout estblishing online businesses in bid to mss mssive profits. However, ccording to Crine (2001) since the yer 2000 pproximtely 200 online businesses went out of the business ccounting for more thn 50% of business closures. This high filure rte is of concern to the business nd finncil community; s such closures will lso ffect stock mrkets nd shres. Some of the online businesses would hve obtined finnce to fund their ventures, nd business filures re bound to hve negtive ripple effects. This is demonstrted by Crine (2001) who sttes tht forty strt-up filures cost pproximtely $1.5 billion which represents losses of between 39% nd 60% on globl stock mrkets. Some of these businesses filures hve been ttributed to inexperienced mngers, poor business plns nd low sles volumes (Crine 2001), however the sme could be sid for other businesses tht do not hve n online presence. These resons for filures re therefore not unique to on line businesses which suggest the presence of other fctors. For instnce, e-commerce is populr shopping method nd this is demonstrted by the number of successful online businesses, nd the reported increses in online shopping by the medi. ccording to bu Bhkr (2001) the demnd for online

Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Human Rights - Essay Example It has been argued that the interpretation of human rights owes too much to the Western view of rights (Bromley & Smith p 537, 2004) which is capitalist based and framed in thelight of â€Å"power, domination and subjection† (Brown et al., 2004). Other areas call upon definitions which relate to family and religious values in contrast to those of the whole nation state. This concept is also part of human rights in some Asian countries where the individual is less important than the family or religion. In some Muslim countries also, human rights operate separately and equally for both men and women (Prokhovnik p 244, 2004) Some of he most important theories and models which have been developed to account for the interactions between human rights and culture now follow. Although models are useful as a framework for manipulating the variables in postulating or explaining a theory they cannot handle the complexities required for a full understanding; theories give a fuller picture .To cosmopolitans rights are universal, and individuals as well as nation states must be able to enjoy – and distribute – the application of justice in countries outside their own state as they do within it. For cosmopolitans the international scene belongs to the public – all nations – and therefore is capable of functioning as a form of governance in its own right; this leads to the concept of a form of global order with an array of institutions which transcend states. Within this global structure is the UN Security Council.

Mainland china culture oriented market Research Paper

Mainland china culture oriented market - Research Paper Example Essentially, the diversity in culture is among the core aspects significant while a company puts interest in the global market; moreover, most business researchers and leaders put a lot of focus on this factor, as it is a core determiner of where a company stands in the international market. In some countries such as China and Japan, people buy products basing on the perception of a group i.e. people buy foodstuffs putting into consideration every member of the family: however, in the US and UK people purchase things according to their own opinion or preference (Fernanda 2009). This is among the main factors causing the difference in market approach and market plan i.e. States in Asia prefer collective advertising while the United States concentrates on individual advertising. The main cypher that relates to how the culture impacts, is the language which most states consider to signify vanity and a legacy; however, there are other symbols that matter just as much but this is the basis of how an organization approaches a certain market. This research paper focuses on mainland China as an emerging market; moreover, it analyses the difference between China based companies and others from the west evaluating the market plans and approach for the two. Most corporations in China have developed over the years as their businesses plans, strategies continue to become more refined and leaning more to the culture; however, this poses as a challenge to the companies in the western countries (Sin 2004). Most of these corporations that try to enter the international market fail because they overlook the cultural differences in mainland China and the only way out is to understand the diversities and exploit them through new marketing strategies that will be the foundation of the overall success in these markets. In an exploration of the Chinese’ market approach, its essential that one compares the dissimilar kinds of corporations and organizations

Steganography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Steganography - Research Paper Example The modern era of steganography is witnessed with the development of digital techniques in the late 20th century. Finally, the digital era of steganography is demonstrated to have greatly expanded the reach and complexity of these practices through visual, audio, and programming techniques. Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....4 Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦.4 Modern Incarnations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Concerns with Ter rorist†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....10 Miscellaneous Uses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 Introduction Steganography is the art and science of constructing hidden me ssages in a way that nobody but the sender and receiver can sense its existence. While steganography was implemented to crucial importance in the 20th century, particularly in World War II, the process itself has been in practice since antiquity. Still, it wasn’t until the Renaissance period when steganography became a recognized term. In 1499 Johannes Trithemius wrote ‘Stegnographia: the art through which writing is hidden requiring recovery by the minds of men,’ a treatise on cryptography and steganography that was disguised as a book on magic (Sing, p. 10). Stenography takes on a variety of forms. Most prominently perhaps are forms of steganography that transfer one form of text to a cover-text. Still, steganography also includes messages that are transferred to images, articles, or even invisible ink. Steganography has often been confused with cryptography. The difference between these two forms, however, is that steganography is the concealment of a message, whereas cryptography is the writing of a message into code (Murphy, p. iv). The obvious advantage of steganography over cryptography is that the latter, because of its eccentric style, draws attention to its existence; conversely steganography is a more subtle form of communication. Steganography is an expansive discipline that throughout history has made a considerable impact on the world. This research essay examines the history of steganography, its various uses and dimensions, and a variety of ways that it has been enhanced over the years. Background As noted the earliest use of the term steganography was implemented by Johannes Trithemius. Trithemius was a German Abbot who lived between 1462 and 1516. His text ‘Stegnographia: the art through which writing is hidden requiring recovery by the minds of men’ was a three part tome. The first two parts are today recognized as some of the earliest books written on cryptography. The third part is ostensibly a book written on occult astrology. This third book contains a number of obscure tables containing numbers. In the late 20th century two researchers at the University of Pittsburgh – Thomas Ernst and Jim Reeds – became convinced that these tables of numbers were actually secret code. They began researching the text and uncovered a number of hidden phrases.

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Warming - Essay Example Many of the living creatures cannot bear this change and the result is open in the form of dead. According to the scientists, main causes of the global warming are the greenhouse gases those are produced by deforestation and burning the fossil fuel. History of global warming Scientific research on global warming itself was the result of many influences, and the interesting thing is that these influences include misconceptions to government pressure and findings. In 1896 a scientist from Sweden presented a new idea the burned fossil fuels such as coal, which is the reason to increase the carbon dioxide gas on atmosphere. And the increase in the level of Carbon dioxide increases the average temperature on the earth. In the 1930s, people of United States and North Atlantic region realized that these regions have much warmed during the previous half century. At that time many of the scientists argued that the change in the climate is just a phase of some moderate natural cycle. The cause of this change was not described by anyone at that time and referred that condition to â€Å"unknown causes†. At that time one unique argument was made by Guy Stewart Callendar who was an engineer. He insisted that the greenhouses are the main cause of global warming. At the start of 1950s, few scientists worked on the Guy Stewart Callendar’s claims with the help of new improved methods and calculations. After that some new studies in 1961 also proved that the level of carbon dioxide is rising day by day. Over the next few decades scientists used simple models and specific calculation to measure the climate change. At that time General predictions with the help of calculations and computer models made. In 1967 more calculations by scientists suggested that the rise in the level of temperature might be little degree in next century so there is no need for any policy for this purpose. But at that time some scientists forced for official attention and government funds fo r more research purposes. In the early 1970s, it was noted that there is a rise in the climatic changes. This term referred to â€Å"environmentalism†. The rise in environmentalism raised public doubts about the global warming. At that time some scientists raised the point that human activities was the main reason for increasing the smoke and dust elements into the atmosphere and these elements block sunlight. Factors that brings rise to global warming At earlier times scientists had used a certain methods and calculations to measure the change in climate, but in 1970s they were using many techniques about the factors that can cause influences in the change of climate. Improved computer models with improved calculations were used to measure the jumps in climate level. With the help of these models scientists take information that how these jumps could happen. Researchers had to know that the one other factor that can causes the global warming was unexpected discovery, the res ult of this discovery stated that the level of gases was rising, which would add seriously to global warming. At the end of 1970s global temperature has evidently began to rise. The scientist those were researching on that began to warn the world that these changes could be dangerous if proper security measures are not taken. At the main time Corporations and individuals who opposed these thoughts spent large amounts to convince people that there was no problem at all. After these issues the world governments decided to create an

Drama Logbook Example Essay Example for Free

Drama Logbook Example Essay Today before drama class started I was really tired and really couldnt be bothered for class. I hope this didnt affect what happened in class, I dont think it had that much of an affect. Mr McPhee gave us a lot of talks today which provided us with less time to work in our groups. After Mr McPhee marked the roll he told us about the new school policy with mobile phones. Instead of only getting punished during school hours with a mobile phone, this policy now applies even if we are on the school campus. The next thing he talked about was a story about his flat mate long ago. His friend was Japanese and during the time where he was learning how to speak English, the teacher saw a spider and killed it. His friend was appalled and told him that spiders are mans best friend because it kills insects for us and also its harmless to humans. Spiders are entitled to as much life as we were. They are more scared of us then we are of them. When he finished telling us his story we finally were sent into our groups to work. Phillip and I just took a seat in front of Mr McPhees table to wait for the girls to get ready. They took a while to get started, but eventually they got there. He had to call her mum to get some money and Lisa and Amanda had to get changed into tights again for better working conditions. He turned on the air conditioning for us. Eventually they came and we got started. Lisa and Amanda got the blocks for us this lesson and put it on the floor. He told us that we should have done it, but we were tired. Lisa was really eager to just go through the whole thing first whereas the rest of the group wanted to talk about the start and how we could improve the start. Eventually we caved and decided to just go through what we had so far. We made our way through the work before He stopped our group and told us that we needed to make our starting thing more dynamic and powerful. He also stopped us at another poin t where he told us that the deliver of the words would be influenced by the character. We took his advice and built upon this. Phillip had to redo his line over again so many times, it was pretty funny. We also tried to work on the start but decided to work with it next lesson. Even though we knew what we were doing, we kept messing up and it took us a long time to get through what we had. We added some little details and refined what we had. It was more of a rehearsal then adding to it this lesson. Once we reached the end of what we had plan we all took a seat. The next thing we had to do was plan another persons segment. Phillip was suppose to be next but it was too hard so we decided to brainstorm Jeannettes. It was still too hard so we just brainstormed in general. In the end we managed to sketch in simple terms what the foundations of each of their performances would be. Jeannette would be along the lines of each of Jeannette thinks that each of us are a fairytale character but the truth is shes only seeing things and we are just ordinary people. Phillips one would be the one we decided before, Lisa didnt like this idea for a reason but I liked it. Lisas one would be about her not fitting in to society so she tries to copy people to fit in with the rest of society and makes friends but she fails. At the end of the lesson, Georges group volunteered to go do their work in progress today. They wanted feedback and advice on how to improve and some negative and positive feedback from Mr Mcphee. Even though they didnt have enough time to hear the feedback, they were able to perform most of their piece. From what I saw I noticed that their piece had a lot of exiting the stage which was bad. I liked the fact that they used their bodies to turn into machines and I liked the story of their idea ! Their story was basically a girl who is writing in her diary about the different dreams she wants to have and eventually she falls asleep and dreams about meeting all of them. Firstly she meets Harry Potter and then she runs into Alice from Wonderland and then its James Bond and lastly its Juliet. It was pretty well how they blended all the stories together. The bell rang and we were dismissed. The teacher said he would give them feedback next time.

Pulmonary Edema Disease

Pulmonary Edema Disease Results and symptoms of pulmonary edema: Pulmonary edema occurs due to excessive accumulation of fluids and foam into the alveoli of the lungs when the pulmonary blood vessels are engorged. It can often be associated with congestive heart failure. It begins primarily with the building up of fluids in the microscopic alveoli of the lungs causing poor respiratory exchange resulting in Dyspnea with noisy and labored respirations. Rales which are powdery or gravelly sounds can be heard with stethoscope and some patients even cough up blood-tinged sputum. It occurs when the heart becomes damaged or weakened; as a result unable to pump blood to all the parts of the body, typically beginning with the left heart failure as a consequence of the damaged left ventricle which leads to backing up of the blood first in the pulmonary vessels and finally in systemic vessels. As a consequence blood fluids are forced into the body tissues due to increased pressure in the vessels causing a swelling known as edema. If it occurs in the alveoli of the lungs it is termed as pulmonary edema. Finally it can lead to congestive heart failure. Shortness of breath; Difficulty in breathing: Diseases like pulmonary edema leads to shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing which is known as Dyspnea which occurs due to poor respiratory exchange in the lungs. It causes labored and noisy respirations often associated with powdery or gravely sounds known as rales when checked with the stethoscope. Dyspnea is not a primary illness but a condition brought about by a number of medical, traumatic and environmental causes. It can be related to Lung diseases, heart conditions, allergic reactions, CO poisoning, etc. In most cases it occurs when a disease has caused some kind of direct interference with either the flow of air into and out of the lungs or with the exchange of gases within the lungs. In typical dyspnea, as in the case of asthma the problem causing interference originates in the lungs itself. Dyspnea can be classified into acute dyspnea with sudden onset can be caused by anaphylactic shock, cardiac arrhythmias trauma, etc. and chronic dyspnea which can be caused by Asthma, Bronchitis, COPD, Neuromuscular disorders, etc. Air hunger or feeling of drowning, Grunting of gurgling sounds with breathing, Wheezing As a sign of congestive heart failure the patient would wish to remain in a seated or semi-reclined position which allows less labored respiration. The patient should be kept calm to conserve body heat. These oxygen hungry patients will accept oxygen therapy without difficulty. In severe lung diseases like an Asthma attack, the small bronchioles becomes narrower due to the contraction of the smooth muscles that make up the airway apart from the overproduction of thick mucus leading to the restriction of airflow. The airflow is restricted in mainly in one direction such as, during inhalation, the expansion of lungs exerts an outward force resulting in the increase in the diameter of the airway, allowing air to flow into the lungs. During exhalation the opposite occurs resulting in the trapping of the stale air into the lungs which requires forceful exhalation of air by the patient, producing the characteristic wheezing sound associated with asthma. Wheezing sounds are whistling or musical sounds that can be heard without a stethoscope. Gurgling is caused often due to a foreign object, or blood and other fluids in the trachea. It is believed that cardiac murmurs are associated with the possibility of heart failure which is not correct as in about 50 % of the heart failure cases there is no murmur observed. Still a cardiologist should take note seriously if any murmur is present in the patient. In the diagnosis of heart failure Gallop rhythm (one can imagine the sounds of hooves of horse smoothly running at full speed) is very typical and significant. SOB with lying down, you may need to sleep with you head propped: The affects of the body position of a person sometimes gives an idea about the underlying disorder causing dyspnea. For example in platypnea, that is dyspnea while sitting gives indications of a liver disease. The worse type of Dyspnea is when the patient is lying down and suffering from shortness of breath, which is associated with heart disease or paralysis of the diaphragm. It is called as orthopnea. Another type of dyspnea is PND (Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea) which occurs during sleep forcing the patient to wake up gasping for breath; usually relieving the patient if he / she sit up or stands. It may indicate the dysfunctioning of the left ventricle of the heart, narrowing of the mitral valve or hypertension. If a patient is suffering from orthopnea he sleeps with the head propped up. Cough: It is an annoying symptom which can occur as a result of many causes such as pulmonary edema, tuberculosis, Bronchitis, Asthma, etc. Anxiety: Factors like excessive worry, nervousness, instability, nausea, etc. are the major symptoms of anxiety. Restlessness: It can be caused by a number of factors such as anxiety, nervousness, insomnia, hyperactivity, etc. Excessive sweating: Sweating is due to the presence of sweat glands under our skin, which is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system of our body and whenever our body temperature rises sweating is stimulated. Thus, it controls the body temperature. Emotional stress also stimulates sweating. Palor or pale coloration or cyanosis of the parts will also take place during any respiratory or cardiac attack. Sympathetic over stimulation leads to symptoms like palor, sweating, and tachycardia during heart failure. Additional symptoms with progression of the disease: Nasal flaring: It is an indication of breathing difficulty caused by the enlargement of the nostril opening during breathing; as a result the total airway resistance is reduced. Inability to speak: The patient may not be able to speak due to pulmonary obstruction or cardiac failure. Decrease in levels of awareness: the level of awareness or consciousness of the patient will also go down during any respiratory or cardiac attack.

Arrogance of Greek Heroes Essay -- Epic Conceit Aeneid Odysseus Essays

Arrogance of Greek Heroes Often readers will criticize the champions of classical and medieval epics for egotism. Critics cite examples from the Odyssey, the Aeneid, and Beowulf of conceit and egocentric behavior. Odysseus, Aeneas, and Beowulf display a well-known arrogance befitting their accomplishments. The motivation for this arrogance, to complete these tasks, to perform these feats, is often over-generalized to the point of inaccuracy and confusion. One must not let such misinterpretations interrupt the humanization of these characters. Through the examination of the desires and behavior of these epic heroes, we can discover an underlying need for recognition or honor. In classical and medieval western epics, the hero’s desire to complete a given quest is fueled by their desire to gain or maintain honor or fame. The first hero to be considered is one of the original Greek champions. Odysseus, often characterized as a braggart and self-centered, displays all the traits of a man doing his best to leave his mark. He will never take the simplest of routes to solve a problem; he would much rather use his cunning and inventiveness to contrive a plan that exploits the weaknesses of his foe and uses all the resources at his disposal: â€Å"‘God help me!’ the man of intrigue broke out†¦ ‘Come weave us a scheme so I can pay them back! Stand beside me, Athena, fire me with daring, fierce as the day we ripped Troy’s glittering crown of towers down. Stand by me—furious now as then, my bright-eyed one— and I would fight three hundred men, great goddess, with you to brace me, comrade-in-arms in battle!’†(l.437-47, VIII) Odysseus would rather orchestrate a plan that ensures a total elimination of the suit... ... wife and home as well as his place in Carthage in the name of the gods, in the name of a quest that does not directly benefit him. From this pursuit, he does not stand to gain spoils, and the most that could be said of his fame would be drawn from his descendents. It is this moral stance, this understanding of universal placement, of purpose, that sets Aeneas apart from other heroes. Not every hero is a perfect model of character, but these well-known heroes of epic poetry do have powerful senses of honor and endeavor. Perhaps the authors meant these characters to exhibit flaws, or to relate to an idealized hero image that modern readers cannot understand. Regardless, it cannot be assumed that these characters are driven by a simple egotism, but rather by the same desire of many other men to be remembered, especially to be remembered for great things.

Long Island Nuclear :: essays papers

Long Island Nuclear The question of whether Long Island should have nuclear power plants is controversial. There are two sides that can be taken; however, both sides have their own share of problems. If we were to chose not to have nuclear plants, then eventually all natural resources will run out. Oil supplies as of right now will run out in two hundred years. But that is if we keep on using the same amount of oil that is consumed today. Our use of oil is certainly not being diminished; in fact each year the amount of oil used goes up. So oil supplies probably won’t even last that long. The natural resources that we use now are still harmful to the earth. The gasoline that we use to run our cars pollutes the air, and considering the amount of cars that are driven each day on the expressway. That is a lot of barrels of oil. However, if Long Island decided to use nuclear energy, then there is a great danger of toxic waste invading our drinking water, and also the chance of a spill similar to Chernobyl or Three Mile Island. As we saw with Chernobyl there is great danger when using nuclear energy. If this were to happen on Long Island the risk of mortality would be even worse. There is no place on Long Island that is a good spot with no inhabitance. On Long Island there would be no escape, the roads simply would not support that amount of traffic. These are the fears of Long Islanders. Which brings us to another question. What did Long Islanders know about the Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant? LILCO (long island lighting company) first announced its plan to build a nuclear power plant in 1965. They bought 455-acres in Shoreham, Wading River, and started construction in 1968. (pg 16 Aron) The plant was engineered and built by Stone & Webster Engineering Corp. They have helped ten prior electric companies, to build nuclear plants before 1985. Long Islanders at first were for having cheap energy, and did not disagree with the construction. But as time past and politics changed. The views towards nuclear power in the mid 1980s changed on Long Island. Shoreham power plant, which help to lower taxes and employed many local people. Now LILCO was getting negative press every other day. It was not what was going on at Shoreham but rather the rest of the world.

Summary Report: Strategic Alignment: Leveraging Information Technology for transforming Organizations :: essays research papers

Strategic Alignment: Leveraging Information Technology for transforming Organizations Based on the paper of J.C. Henderson, N. Venkatraman (1993) by Philipp Maderthaner A. Summary Henderson and Venkatraman proposed a model for business – IT alignment; it was intended to support the integration of information technology (IT) into business strategy by advocating alignment between and within four domains (see figure 1). The inter-domain alignment is pursued along two dimensions: strategic fit (between the external and internal domain) and functional integration (between the business domain and the IT domain). The objective of this model was to provide a way to align information technology with business objectives in order to realise value from IT investments. The authors argued that the potential strategic impact of information technology requires both an understanding of the critical components of IT strategy and its role in supporting and shaping business strategy decisions and a process of continuous adaptation and change. Hence, they presented a model that defines the range of strategic choices facing managers. Figure 1 Strategic Alignment Model Two main imperatives for managers are pointed out by Venkatraman and Henderson: First, similar to business strategy, IT strategy has to consider both internal as well as external aspects. Second, both internal/external alignment as well as functional integration must be taken into account. Only one of them is not sufficient. Overview about the four dominant alignment perspectives: 1. Strategy execution This strategy assumes that an articulated business strategy is the driver of both organizational design choices and the design of IT infrastructure. The alignment is said to be the most common and widely understood perspective, as it corresponds to the classic, hierarchical view of strategic management. Driver:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Business Strategy Role of Top Management:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strategy Formulator Role of IT Management: Strategy Implementer Performance Criteria: Cost/Service Center 2. Technology transformation This alignment involves the assessment of implementing the chosen business strategy through appropriate IT strategy and the articulation of the required IT infrastructure and processes. This strategy is not constrained by the current organization design, but instead seeks to identify the best possible IT competencies through appropriate positioning in IT marketplaces. Driver:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Business Strategy Role of Top Management:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology Visionary Role of IT Management: Technology Architect Performance Criteria: Technology Leadership 3. Competitive Potential This perspective is concerned with the exploitation of emerging IT capabilities to impact new products and services (business scope), influence the key attributes of strategy (distinctive competencies) and develop new forms of relationships (business governance). Driver:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IT Strategy Role of Top Management:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Business Visionary Role of IT Management: Catalyst Performance Criteria: Business Leadership 4. Service Level The service level alignment perspective focuses – as the name shows – on how to build a world-class IT service organization.

Nokia Strategic Management

Nokia’s Strategic Management Nokia Description of Company Nokia envisions a world where connecting people to what matters empowers them the most of every moment Nokia's CEO Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo Generation of Nokia NOKIA’S FIRST CENTURY: 1865-1967 †¢ The first Nokia century began with Fredrik Idestam's paper mill on the banks of the Nokianvirta river. Between 1865 and 1967, the company would become a major industrial force; but it took a merger with a cable company and a rubber firm to set the new Nokia Corporation on the path to electronics. Generation of Nokia THE MOVE TO MOBILE: 1968-1991 †¢ The newly formed Nokia Corporation was ideally positioned for a pioneering role in the early evolution of mobile communications. As European telecommunications markets were deregulated and mobile networks became global, Nokia led the way with some iconic products. Generation of Nokia MOBILE REVOLUTION: 1992-1999 †¢ As mobile phone use booms, Nokia makes the sector its core business. By the turn of the century, the company is the world leader. In 1992, Nokia decided to focus on its telecommunications business †¢ As adoption of the GSM standard grew, new CEO Jorma Ollila put Nokia at the head of the mobile telephone industry’s global boom – and made it the world leader before the end of the decade. Generation of Nokia NOKIA NOW: 2000-TODAY †¢ Nokia sells its billionth mobile phone as the third generation of mobile technology emerges. Nokia’s story continues with 3G, mobile multiplayer gaming, multimedia devices and a look to the future. Organizational Structure NAVTEQ:Manages digital map consumermobile device and marketing Nokia Siemens Network: Provides sales operational support to the units Services & Development Office. data thechannel,fixednavigation systems, Corporate Software: Develops Gives automotive network Markets: Provides supply chains, wireless and brand portfolio, Devices: Develops and manages for Internet services in 5 mobile navigation devices, messaging and games), applications, infrastructure, corporateof Internet-based mapping platforms to areas (music, maps, media,components. futureservice and worksandand andincludes communications and networks growth opportunities. activities. he sources strategic and explores government services an solutions. professional and business easily, accessible manner to consumers. deliver the services into operators and service providers. Vision of Nokia †¢ The full power of being connected †¢ Enable people to be wherever they want, whenever they want †¢ Life becomes more flexi ble and spontaneous †¢ Innovating, creating and sharing †¢ Technology becomes invisible †¢ Nokia never miss an opportunity to get the most out of life Goals of Nokia †¢ To become the leading provider of mobile solutions, because in the mobile converged internet space consumers expect seamlessly integrated solutions. To deliver these solutions requires continuous relationships with consumers and vibrant ecosystem. SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS †¢Brand awareness †¢Technology leader in manufacturing mobiles †¢Market leader †¢Presence across 150 countries WEAKNESSES †¢Not good at software †¢Performance of Symbian OS is lackluster †¢Increasing dissatisfaction levels with its smartphone †¢Very weak market share in US OPPORTUNITIES †¢Huge loyal customer base †¢Huge presence in developing countries †¢Can use its infrastructure business (Nokia Siemens Network) to educe the bargaining power of mobile THREATS †¢Rapidly c hanging industry †¢Changes of missing Inflection point is high †¢Threat of entry from new business (Nokia Siemens players, Microsoft might Network) to reduce the enter smartphones market. bargaining power of mobile Google has just entered the operators market with Nexus One. Strategy Formulation Product Differentiation ? Applications are the product differentiator ? Nokia’s OVI Store ? Projection: in 2014 6. 67 billion applications would be downloaded ? Increase User Satisfaction Index ? Alliance with software developers ? Increase community strength of Maemo Strategic Objectives †¢ Irresistible solutions and vibrant ecosystems †¢ Direct and continuous consumer relationships. †¢ Best devices – Broadening their geographic reach – Broadening their device base will grow their service business †¢ Smart services – Creating relevant and personalized services – Target: 300 million people using their smart services by 2012 Strategy Formulation Cost Differentiation †¢ Nokia can set an industry enchmark for operating profits †¢ Pressure on competitors †¢ Cost leadership an invincible position against competitors †¢ Fight head-on with Apple Strategies of Nokia †¢ Competitive environment is changing †¢ Consumer needs are changing †¢ The nature of consumers’ relationships with companies is changing †¢ Irresistible solutions & vibrant ecosystem †¢ Transforming into a solutions driven company optimizing user experience. †¢ Laying the foundation for an inclusive and sustainable ecosystem †¢ Direct and continuous consumer relationships †¢ Best devices †¢ Smart services Strategies Evolution of Nokia Competitive Strategy NOKIA NOKIA Broad differentiation strategy Mass Market Low cost mass market strategy Niche Market Low cost niche market strategy Focus differentiation strategy Functional Strategy †¢ Reduce product portfolio †¢ Opportunity for targeting information users †¢ Target specific customers and specific lifestyles †¢ Connect emotionally with the target †¢ Define roadmap of Operating Systems (Symbian or Maemo) Corporate Strategy †¢ Continue divestments †¢ Concentrate resources and energy in smartphone business

Arts Education Essay

The purpose of this bibliography is to attain information from credible sources on arts programs in schools. The goal is to provide enough information so that the reader is then able to form their own opinions on the benefits, problems, and policies on arts programs at varying levels of education. Those looking to find detailed information will find this bibliography to be a good starting point. Parsad, B. , and Spiegelman, M. 2012. Arts Education in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools: 1999–2000 and 2009–10 (NCES 2012–014). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U. S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Web. 24 Jan. 2013 This source is a presentation of unbiased information about both the overall arts education programs and specific sections including: visual arts, music, dance, and theater/drama. The report utilizes a plethora of charts, graphs, and other visual aids to help organize and present the information. Parsad and Spiegelman first present their findings on overall arts education programs including the percentages of schools offering visual arts, music, dance and theater classes. They then dedicate ten to fifteen pages discussing the particulars of each section of the arts listed above. There is so much information in this article that it would be great for someone looking for a broad spectrum understanding of arts education programs. The visual aids complement the information presented and would be easy to incorporate into a variety of works. For someone who is looking to get very specific information about a specific program then this would be a good source to start with, the way the report is divided makes it very easy to find information on a specific sections of an arts program, i. e. music or drama. It would provide the reader with enough information that they could ask their own questions and be able to look further into a specific topic. Catterall, Dumais, and Hampden-Thompson. March 2012. The arts and achievement in at-risk youth : findings from four longitudinal studies. National Endowment for the Arts. Research Report #55). Web. 24 Jan. 2013. This research report is a presentation of years of studies conducted by the National Endowment for the Arts and similar organizations, most being government funded. The authors arrange the report in such a way that the bulk of the report is given through the use of visual graphs and charts, which are accompanied by conclusive statements like â€Å"Teenagers and young adult s of low socioeconomic status (SES) who have a history of in-depth arts involvement show better academic outcomes than do low-SES youth who have less arts involvement. They earn better grades and demonstrate higher rates of college enrollment and attainment. † (12) Most of the graphs simply relate percentages of students with low and high levels of art engagement to achieve certain things like high school graduation, entering a bachelors program, and attaining a steady professional level career. For every study and graph presented or reviewed there is clearly cited sources, if any confusion remains the appendix and cited pages are very clear about how to find more information. Being that this is a report of findings from a national organization it is not biased to or for support of arts programs. For anyone looking for specific statistics to use in a presentation or report of their own, this research report could be very helpful. As previously stated the bulk of the information is presented through graphs and charts that utilize percentages, and is therefore very easy to take and use in a presentation without having to do much work yourself. For someone looking for a more scholarly breakdown of the benefits of arts education on high-risk students this report will not be as helpful, as it would be time consuming to trace the information presented back to the original sources. Dwyer, M.Christine. 2011. Reinvesting in Arts Education: Winning America’s Future through Creative Schools. President’s Committee on the Arts and the Humanities. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. The reports emphasizes the essential role that arts education programs play in improving student engagement and building creativity. Dwyer discusses, in a lengthy and wordy overview, the current Arts Education programs and policies shortcomings. â€Å"It is widely agreed that the U. S. public education system is not adequately serving a significant portion of our nation’s children and that public K-12 schools must change dramatically o achieve the Administration’s goal that the United States become a global leader in postsecondary attainment by 2020†¦ School leaders and teachers will need to step up to the challenge of finding new ways to engage many more students in meaningful learning†¦ † (27) More importantly, this report discusses possible solutions such as reinvesting in arts education, and argues for creating arts-rich schools that can engage students in ways that complement the study of the arts and other traditional subjects such as literature, history, science, and mathematics. Another key takeaway from this report is it shows readers the link between arts education and achievement in other subjects. Being that this source is a report by the President’s Committee on the Arts and the Humanities, it attempts to present evidence to support the positions of the president and his corresponding political party. As political and wordy as this report is it would most likely benefit someone looking into the politics side of arts education, it would not be as helpful for someone looking for developmental and long term benefits of art involvement in schools. Rabkin, Hedberg. 2011. Arts Education in America: What the Declines Mean for Arts Participation. Based on the 2008 Survey of Public Participation in the Arts. National Endowment for the Arts. (Research Report #52). Web. 24 Jan. 2013. This report presents its findings after researching important question related to arts education in America. Questions like: Has participation in arts programs declined? What does it mean for teachers and students? How has this affected participation in other extracurricular activities? How does this affect support for programs? The article presents the questions to the reader and then follows up with information that supports both positive and negative claims about the answer. Charts are used when needed to simplify information into an easily digestible visual aid. There are numerous sources used as evidence for the information presented, as well as suggestions for further investigation into the questions presented. This report has a very neutral stance towards the information presented. There is good information presented for varying arguments and the ultimate decision is left to the reader. This source would be a fair report to use in a work, especially if in an argumentative essay you need information for the view that opposes yours. However for someone looking for highly specific information this report will only be useful for an introduction into the questions being asked about the national education programs. Oxtoby, David W. 2012. The Place of Arts in Liberal Education. Liberal Education, v98 n2 p36-41 Spr 2012. Oxtoby uses a great deal of logic to explain his opinion on the place of arts in liberal education and he uses statistics to support his views. In his article, he states that diversity in the curriculum is a keystone to success in any liberal education program. He also claims that part of that diversity needs to include a program where students can express their creativity. Being able to express their creativity and the stimulation provided by arts programs lead to more successful students, both in academics, community involvement, and professional work environments. This article is a good source of simple and sound logic in support of arts programs being included in all liberal education. Oxtoby’s statements and presentation of the information is biased towards supports arts programs, but he always includes evidence to support his ideas. Also, while he does not approve of excluding arts in liberal education there is never any negativity in his statements, only more supporting evidence for his ideas. Some readers will find this article to be dry and uninteresting unless they already have some knowledge and opinions on the place of arts in education programs.

Does True Altruism Exist? Essay

The concept of altruism has been around for a long time and the debate on its existence has been for almost as long in both philosophical and psychological circles. Altruism has been defined by Batson et al., (1981); the motivation that arises within in an individual to help another in distress, from the desire to reduce the other’s distress. Some have argued that true altruism does not exist. Those believe that every act of kindness us humans commit has an underlying ulterior motive; we help others to help ourselves. This is known as egoism, and current theories regarding the existence of altruism tend to be egoistic; that is, everything we do is directed towards one end-state goal, and that is benefiting ourselves. And benefiting ourselves does not necessarily entail gaining something in return for performing the act, but merely reducing our own personal distress by seeing another’s distress, can be defined as egoistic. Our distress (guilt, shock, fear) was as a result of seeing another in distress and by helping the other person by reducing their distress is not an act of altruism, but egoism, as reducing their distress reduced our own distress. A study was done by Cialdini et al., (1987) which provided a hypothesis supporting the egoistic theory. They performed two experiments in which they came to conclude that helping another in distress was as a result of relieving the personal sadness within the observer that arose from the heightened empathy the observer felt for the sufferer, rather than the selfless act to relieve the sufferer of their distress. In the first experiment conducted, it was found that high-empathy-set subjects did show elevated helping scores, but that they were no longer helpful when they received a sadness-canceling reward. Therefore, it is as a result of personal sadness that led to the motivation to help the sufferer, rather than empathic concern. In the second experiment conducted, Cialdini posed the Negative State Relief model. It was under this model that it was  believed that people help others as a response to their own egoistic behaviours. Regardless of the high levels of empathy, the subjects helped less when they were made to see their personal sadness as fixed. Thus, they concluded that it seemed to be personal sadness that led to the subjects helping, despite the high levels of empathy. However, there have been other theories in support of the existence of altruism. The Empathy-Altruism hypothesis predicts that empathy leads to altruism. And in a study conducted by Batson et al., (1981), when a young woman received electric shocks and then giving the subjects a chance to help her by taking her place, the researchers predicted that if empathy led to altruistic acts that the subjects would help the victim regardless if the chance to escape without helping is easy or difficult. And the results following both experiments supported the hypothesis that empathy leads to altruistic acts rather than egoistic. However, in the second experiment, when the conditions for escaping were difficult without helping, a low empathic response led to helping. This concludes that when subjects are being forced to help a sufferer, they will help, but only to escape the situation, and this is egoistically motivated behavior. By taking both of these articles and experiments into account, and regarding the theories posed by each, I have favoured the argument that true altruism cannot exist in the normal parameters of human psychology because by nature we are designed to ensure our own continued existence and will therefore perform acts and behaviours that will promote our survival, and avoid performing certain behaviours if we feel that it might cause us harm. For true altruism to exist, you would need to be able to place everyone else’s wellbeing before your own and receive nothing from it. Certain forms of these can be seen in actions we perform for our loved ones. But it is even in these deeds that we receive praise, reward and even heightened sensations of self-motivation, which then causes the actions to be egoistically motivated. Therefore it’s not completely selfless, the pleasure rewarded from the action can be seen as a suitable motivation to be selfless.

Discovery Museum Gold Rush History Center

The visit I made to the Discovery Museum Gold Rush History Center in Sacramento, California, proved to be highly informative, entertaining, and a two-hour well spent. The experience afforded me a lot of learnings from the Gold Rush period that I didn't know before. Before I made the tour of the four galleries inside the building, I first went to the visitors' information center, wherein an introduction regarding the building's construction has been shown in a nine-minute film clip.Based on the clip shown, I learned that the museum is a replica of the original building that was built in 1854 that previously housed the City of Sacramento's city hall, dormitory for the fire department, jail, police station, and court. The original structure had suffered from structural problems and was declared unsafe many years later. It was finally demolished about sixty years later in 1913.The replica building has been modified on some sides in line with its being a museum showcasing history, science and technology. The Gold Rush Center's exhibits are in The Lure of Gold gallery. The museum's arrangement of events is well organized and unique. From there, I was able to see gold nuggets on display and artifacts and implements used by miners from the Gold Rush era. The Gold Rush in California was a defining moment in history that changed Sacramento forever.Sacramento became the center of that event in 1849. People from all over the world went to this city hoping to make themselves rich. Previously, this gallery has showcased a typical miner's travel and lifestyle. Aside from the exhibits, there are also hands-on activities for children and interactive programs to help the present generation get a better understanding of the past.

Research Methods in the Social Sciences Assignment - 5

Research Methods in the Social Sciences - Assignment Example every society, and are certainly committed in every region of the globe, though the proportion and number of its occurring varies from one culture to the other. The research reveals that the adult diagnostic training center (ADTC), in the wake of premeditated legislation, looks for treating only those offenders, who are determined to surrender this condemnable habit for good for the welfare of the society at large. The research shows that 20% to 30% young females become victim to sexual attempts and assaults, which is committed to women belonging to divergent groups and communities without discrimination, and same commonalty is found among male offenders. Sex offence is the most repeated one, as an overwhelming majority of the offenders repeats it again and again soon after their release from the jail, though percentage of recidivism is far lower among those who are treated through therapy than other offenders. Zgoba et al. point out many obstacles while estimating sex offences recid ivism rates which include absence of the determination of the newly devised term i.e. sex recidivism, underreporting of the offences, unavailability of similar research population and sample, unavailability of competitive group and long gap between the conducting of researches on this topic. All these reasons serve as imperative impediments in the assessment of sex offence recidivism. The research views that authorities and public considers sex offences as untreatable crime; consequently, the offenders must be treated very harshly so that the society could be protected from their nefarious activities. Even the medical specialists and psychologists recommend cruel punishments to be inflicted upon them to teach them remarkable lesson for violating the statutes of law on the one hand, and hurting the innocent victims of their criminal assaults on the other. Hence, instead of launching the futile and useless rehabilitation health programs for them, the sex offenders must be punished in

Australian Environmental History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Australian Environmental History - Essay Example Forest history and heritage studies have received considerable attention in both the academic and public domains. Relationship between European or Western cultures influenced much in the environmental management and way of life. 'The visions of environment combined with the balance of power relationship within colonial society are reflected in the development of a public policy framework for resource user and environmental management from the mid 19th century' (Dover 1994, p. 5-78). The exploitative legislation and protective legislation are which involves the land grants for the settlers and the rights of distribution of mineral and water. With these two paradigms, political struggle is present which needs some clarifications. Exploitative legislation focuses more on the resource development and some specific developmental projects which take advantage of the current environmental status to serve the end users and meets their needs. Whilst, protective legislation is in contrast to the exploitative legislation which embodies the knowledge of conservation planning and protecting the general envi ronmental state for maintenance and storing up what is natural and upkeep the balance in nature. 1.) Exploitative Pioneering. The utilisation of Australian nature for the purpose of establishing financially viable fundamentals to its colony and endow with a return on venture from Britain and assemble the power of empire.

Dox Thrash - Making Prints of His Real Life Research Paper

Dox Thrash - Making Prints of His Real Life - Research Paper Example Since the art was funded by the government, the art could be used for government purposes. One such artist is Dox Thrash. Defence Worker is one print created by Thrash which will be examined as a relative piece of art of the Depression Era. Another print from Thrash is Boats at Night which is also inspired by social realism will also be looked at. While Thrash was making prints of his real life, the U.S. government took these prints and used them for their own purposes. Defence Worker and Boats at Night by Dox Thrash will be examined in relation to social realism inspired art being used for United States government propaganda. Dox Thrash created both of these prints using a pioneering technique. Thrash had created a new printing technique called carborundum mezzotint.1 Both prints were commissioned by the WPA during the depression. The subjects of these prints were influenced by social realism. The Depression Era made many artists, including Thrash, rethink their perspectives on life and art. Artists begin to think capitalism might not be the best form of government. Kathe Kollwitz was a German artist that dealt with the same issues as Thrash. One of her paintings will be compared to Thrash in order to show how different countries reacted to the situation after World War I. The artists sketched, painted, or carved art reflecting their new views. An analysis of these two works will be undertaken along with a comparison to Kollwitz’s work. Dox Thrash has created two incomparable prints that illustrated the Depression Era, but his art was used as government propaganda in the end. Dox Thrash’s Defense Worker is a male worker. Thrash completed this piece in 1942.2 The worker is using a jackhammer, power sweeper, or some other piece of equipment. The huge male is a worker. This can be determined by the clothes, boots, and helmet the man wears in this print. There is a white billow of steam behind the figure.     Ã‚  

Human Freedom and the News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Freedom and the News - Essay Example There is also in general a lessening of the ability that people have to air their views regarding matters of their own lives. According to humanist views t5his kind of a weakening of human agency is not desirable. There may be certain views regarding human agency that talk of the importance of the privileging of the agency of the collective over the individual; the humanist view is at the other extreme of such a view and privileges the importance of the individual’s right to decide his or her own future. The philosophical impact of this issue involves also the ideas of equality that are put into jeopardy when the army invades the private spaces of the people who are on either side of the border. There are obviously always several sides that take up different positions as far as Indo-Pak relations are concerned. This may be due to the strategic position that both countries occupy during the present political era. Mahendra Ved’s article â€Å"India, Pakistan continue to talk through tensions† talks of the situation where there is an acceptance of the situation whereby there has been a breach in the relations between the two states that have then led to loss of freedom on both sides of the border (Ved, 2013). However, another essay by Mohammed Iqbal talks about the condition that worsens the situation where both the countries are in denial regarding the situation and the need for talks (Iqbal, 2013). The process of talks that is to be seen as an assertion of human agency is not taken to a logical conclusion. Instead, what happens is a blunting of certain notions of agency for the other. The decision of the leaders of the state are then considered to be the ones that need to be taken into account and not those of the people of the state. The state then becomes the main agent that destroys the force of human agency. The concepts of humanism were discussed at great length by a philosopher like Rene Descartes who felt that one needs to express a g reat deal of doubt regarding the philosophies that have been assigned to one by larger narratives. These metanarratives are questioned by Descartes and he advocates the use of one’s own reason for the purpose of understanding the world in general. The importance of humanist ideology in his thought can be understood from the following lines- But, to this end, it will not be necessary for me to show that the whole of these are false—a point, perhaps, which I shall never reach; but as even now my reason convinces me that I ought not the less carefully to withhold belief from what is not entirely certain and indubitable, than from what is manifestly false, it will be sufficient to justify the rejection of the whole if I shall find in each some ground for doubt (Descartes). In the conflict that has been described above, one may wonder how humanism can be applied. The aspect of humanism that rejects any metanarrative can then be used to look at the Indo-Pak conflict. This co nflict is largely created through the refusal of the two states to accept the individual agencies of the people who are a part of these nations. The state then seeks to create for the people a metanarrative that suppresses the individual narratives that are sought to be created. Such narratives are sought to be created through various means such as music, art, literature and sports. These too are made to fall into the larger nationalist narrative as is seen in the politicization of the major